The Impact of climate change mitigation and adaptation to livelihood

CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change is defined as “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods (UNFCCC, 1994). According to IPCC (2007), climate change refers to any change in climate over time, due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. Although often equated to global warming, global climate change involves more serious disruptions of the entire world’s weather and climate patterns, including impacts on rainfall, extreme weather events, and sea level rise, and not just modest temperature increases Thus, increased global warming is just one of the manifestations of climate change.

The main causes of global warming is increased greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the burning of fossil fuels, emissions from manufacturing industries and vehicles, and reduction of C sinks, e.g. by deforestation and continuous cultivation. Except for deforestation which accounts for 20% of the global greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, the contribution of least developed countries to emissions is small, largely because use of fossil fuels (oil and coal) is still small. Yet both immediate and long-term consequences of global warming are expected to be most severe in these countries (DEAT, 2004; NME, 2005).

ADAPTATION AND VULNERABILITY

Adaptation to climate change cannot be defined as a set of fixed activities meant to ameliorate a particular set of conditions. Instead it must be a systemic response aimed at creating and preserving options that enable communities to respond to changing environmental and social conditions. It is important to take into account the local information while framing adaptation strategies to deal with the potential multi-sectorial impact of climate change. Any climate change response strategy will only be effective if it involves the two realms of adaptation and development together with a proper understanding of integrated policies meant to sustain the local needs (IUCN 2004).

MITIGATION

Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term global warming and its related effects. Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs).Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks, e.g., through reforestation. Mitigation policies can substantially reduce the risks associated with human-induced global warming. According to the (IPCC's 2014) assessment report, "Mitigation is a public good; climate change is a case of the 'tragedy of the commons'. Effective climate change mitigation will not be achieved if each agent (individual, institution or country) acts independently in its own selfish interest (see International cooperation and Emissions trading), suggesting the need for collective action. Some adaptation actions, on the other hand, have characteristics of a private good as benefits of actions may accrue more directly to the individuals, regions, or countries that undertake them, at least in the short term. Nevertheless, financing such adaptive activities remains an issue, particularly for poor individuals and countries." Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGES ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION IN OUR LIVELIHOODS

IMPROVEMENT OF FOREST RESOURCES

The forest were improved due to reduce the missuses forest resources which can degraded the forest land such as deforestation and uses of fire wood and harvesting of honey this system cause the decline of forest. For example the climate change for Forest Policy-Makers, An approach for integrating climate change into national forest policy in support of sustainable forest management, through reforestation, afforestation, reduce utilization of fire woods and use of gas due to mitigate and adapt the climatic changes Version 2.0, is part of the effort by the Forestry Department of FAO to assist countries in their efforts to address policy issues related to forests and climate change by integrating climate change considerations into national forest-related policies and actions. It follows a specific request by the FAO Committee on Forests to update the 2011 edition of Climate Change for Forest Policy-Makers. This publication is intended to help senior officials in government administrations and the representatives of other stakeholders groups, including civil society organizations and the private sector, prepare the forest sector for the challenges and opportunities posed by climate change in the light of new international agreements. Increase of rainfall increase of forest cover (FAO, 2018).

INCREASING ON AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY

Climate changes adaptation and mitigation impacts on agriculture and food security most leads to the  improvement to the farming practices such as in crops variety and promote diversification of agro eco system, seasonal calendar practices, awareness development, improve soil and water conservation measures and efficiency or water harvest due to adapt and mitigate climate changes, best used climatic and weather data, weather forecast and  other management tool in additional design sustainable crop production and farming systems reflective on climate change scenarios further more increase sequestration on farm(AFOLU) such as reduce tillage, high carbon crop, and agro forestry. From this concept the impact of climate change mitigation adaptation to livelihood people are benefit through available of water resources which support irrigation activities as well as availability of maximum rainfall which cause increase of production in different crops such as sugar cane, cotton, and others crops. The livelihood benefited agricultural production due to impact of climate change mitigation and adaptation (Munishi, 2016).

IMPROVEMENT OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

Ecosystems after mitigation and adaptation done provide numerous benefits such as forest products, carbon sink, flood mitigation, and nurseries for commercial fisheries. However, human activities are rapidly degrading these and other ecosystems. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, the largest audit ever conducted of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems, found that ecosystems have declined more rapidly and extensively over the past 50 years than at any other comparable time in human history. The Assessment projected further declines over the coming decades, particularly in light of population growth, economic expansion, and global climate change. Tanzania is endowed with different ecosystems and a variety of ecosystem services which are predicted to be impacted by climate change. Ecosystem degradation is highly relevant to business and society wellbeing because companies and societies not only impact ecosystems and the services they provide but also depend on them.  This part of the program will involve quantification of the impact of climate change on ecosystems, biodiversity, wildlife management and related livelihoods (MEA, 2005).

IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCES AND WETLANDS

The mitigation and adaptation of climate change it create impact on water resource and wetlands due to increase of rainfall as well as melting of ice lead to solve the problem of shortage of water. Climate change is projected to have positive consequences for water-resources, specifically for the different major river such as river Nile, Ruvu, Pangani, and Rufiji. The Ruvu basin, of particular importance because it is upstream of Tanzania major population center, Dar es Salaam, could experience a 10% The Pangani river basin supplies water to Tanga, Kilimanjaro, and Arusha regions, supporting a number of economically important activities. These include the Arusha Chini sugar plantations in the Kilimanjaro region, the lower Moshi irrigation scheme, and three important power stations. For the Pangani River, there is some seasonal variation with runoff projected to increase in some months, and decrease in others, with annual basin runoff decreasing by an estimated 6%. The Rufiji basin meanwhile is a large catchment in the south of the country, focused on the Great Ruaha River, which is economically important to the nation in part because of the hydropower it generates at Mtera and Kidatu dams. The national assessment of vulnerability and adaptation. In order to mitigate people are benefited due to availability of enough water (Mwandosya et al 1998).

IMPROVEMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH

Human health improved due to reduction pollution such as water, air and nose pollution which affect the human health due to mitigation of climate change, people are experienced good health as well as spread health information caused by climatic change because the information can be international, national and regional at local level depends on the huge effects, geographical location and technology of the specific area. Good enough, health information on resisting climatic change is common all over the world, all country gate the information like precaution, preparedness, response and recover though the information will not spared all the village due to remoteness of some areas and poor communication technology especially in most of African country but at least the information reach at national and regional level. In additional Health sector as the economy made up of companies  that specialize  in products and services related to health care and Medicare care .Health sectors include health system are complex with many type and providers of services in range of finding as well as regulatory  mechanisms that generally deal with health.(AIHW- Australia institute health welfare 2004).

CONCLUSION

Therefore this impact of climate change mitigation adaptation to livelihood some sectors have been identified as being critical in terms of the climate change impacts on them. These include human health, agriculture and animal husbandry, enhanced energy efficiency including solar energy, and strategic knowledge for climate change. Hence, it is clear that single topic-specific interventions cannot provide what is needed to build adaptive capacity. Solutions must be integrated across spatial, social, and natural features boundaries. Across topical areas, several generalizations have emerged regarding building adaptive capacity. First, solutions and options must be place-based. That is, the specific bio-physical and social conditions of any particular village will determine how they experience climate change and its ramifications, and what they consider viable options. Secondly, community ownership of resources and their management is critical, and community institutions must involve all members in order to implement solutions that cut across social barriers.

REFERENCES

AIHW, (2004) Health Sector in Climate Change. Australia Institute Health Welfare

FAO Nov (2018) Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

Pantaleo K. T. Munishi, Halima Kilungu, Nice Wilfred, Bernadetha Munishi, Stein R. Moe

Shah T. (2009), Climate change and groundwater: India's opportunities for mitigation and adaptation, Environmental Research Letters.

Tanzania. In Walter Leal Filho (Ed) 2005 Innovation in Climate Change Adaptation- Climate Change Management pp. 327-344

Wetlands Biodiversity, Livelihoods and Climate Change Implications in the Ruaha River Basin, Schipper E.L.F., Cigarán M.P. and Hedger M.M. (2006), Adaptation to climate change: the new challenge for development in the developing world, An Environment & Energy Group Publication.

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