•1.1
Definition of concepts
• Planning
•The
Merriam- Webster Dictionary (1986) Defines
Planning as “the act or process of making or carrying out plans;
specifically the establishment of goals, policies and procedures for a social
or economic unit”.
•In
this sense, planning has existed since human first planned things for their
lives.
•
•Planning.. cont….
•Friedman
and Hudson (1974), view
planning as the activity centrally concerned with the linkage between knowledge
and organized action.
•Hudson
(1979) Defines
planning as “foresight in formulating and implementing programs and policies”
•De
Neufville (1983) Defines
planning as “a set of activities intended to improve the quality of decision
for a community, to help it to be prepared for future.. Planning is
comprehensive in attempt to deal with various factors”.
• Planning…cont…
•De
Neufville (1983) further
adds that, the activity of planning includes making systematic
use of information and involving
action of image of the future and strategy to reach them
•Alexander (1992) defines
“planning as deliberate social or organizational activity of developing an
optimal strategy of future action to archive a desired goals for solving a
novel problems in a complex context, and
attended by the power and intention to commit resources and to act as necessary
to implement the chosen strategy”
• The
environment
•Asthana
Meera Asthana (2009) define
environment as “Everything which surround human being. The air we breath, the
soil on which we stand, living and non-living around, the environment which have influenced and shaped our life
since time immemorial”.
•The
basic components of the environment are
(i)
Atmosphere or the air
(ii)
Hydrosphere or the water
(iii)
Lithosphere or the rock and soil
(iv) The living component or biosphere
•The environment…cont…
•Muthoka
et al (2005) views the environment in its totality as a set
of interlocking systems- natural or
biophysical and man made or social within which all living organisms interact
•The
physical environment includes the atmosphere, hydrosphere and pedo-lithosphere
while the biological environment includes plants, animals and micro-organisms
•1.1.3 Environmental Planning
§Unlike
traditional planning, environmental planning give emphasis to the environmental
consequence of planning decisions.
§Loux
(1984) defines
environmental planning analogous to the definition of planning by Hudson
(1979)
§i.e
activity which incorporate forecast regarding to ecological concerns into
formulating and implementing policies and programs. The definition adds the
word ecological to Hudson definition of planning.
•Environmental Planning..cont
•However,
the field of environmental planning nowadays deals with other environments as
well as the ecological environment.
•
•Huse
(1991) defined
environmental planning as a “planning which deals with the effects of humans on
the physical and ecological environment and conversely how the environment affect humans”
•Environmental planning cont…
•Other
observers improve the concept by comparing environmental planning with planning
mainstreams, urban and regional planning focusing in communities and their
people, land use, economies and infrastructures through a process of goal
setting, planning and regulation (Slocombe, 1993)
•Environmental planning cont…
•Environmental
planning focus on the biophysical environment of the people and communities and
the effects of other planning and development activities
•It
is more descriptive and science based than mainstream planning
•Environmental
planning can also be defined as “activity which incorporates forecast regarding
to biophysical concerns into formulating and implementing polices and programs”
•Environmental planning cont…
•The
field of env planning studies the effects of people and communities have on
the biophysical environment and on
people and communities themselves.
•Viewed
in decision making perspectives; EP is a decision making process that considers
the environmental, social, political, economic and governance factors that can
affect development.
•The
goal of environmental planning is to manage the relationship between the
natural systems in the present and the future.
•1.1 Concepts of Environmental
Planning cont…
1.1.1
Planning Modes and Managerial Process
•Planning
theory recommends three complementary modes, which can be modified to
environmental management: the
entrepreneurial mode, the adaptive mode and the generic planning mode.
I.The entrepreneurial mode of
environmental planning is designed by an active search for new planning
opportunities to stabilize the environment; the centralization of power and
resources in a particular planning institution and the ability to take risk
with the environment.
II.The adaptive mode of
environmental planning is a reactive rather than proactive strategy of
environmental management. Planning in this phase tends itself to negotiation as
a step of confidence building and education in all matters involving the
resolution of disputes of environmental goals.
•1.1Concepts of Environmental
Planning cont
•III
The generic-planning mode involves
anticipatory decision-making, a decision rule and amend-results.
•It
conforms to rational decision-mode which involves an intelligence activity or
•the
search for relevant information;
•a
decision activity or the classification of the available information into
suitable classes; and
•
a choice of activity or
•the
selection of the best option from the alternatives available.
•1.1 Concepts
of Environmental Planning cont…
•Planning
as a managerial
process.
§The
managerial process is a tool that aids the executive to identify environmental
problems and establish attainable goals for each of them in the light of
available resources
§Environmental
management requires planning and the basis upon which objective evaluation can
be made of the degree of success or failure of management performance.
•
–
•
•1.1 Concepts of Environmental
Planning cont
•Planning
as a managerial process involves programming, auditing and information support
systems.
Ø
The programming process demands policy formulation and articulation
ØState
measurable goals in light of the available resources.
ØArticulate
the environmental issues facing the target community at the present time and in
the foreseeable future and the "entry point"
ØMonitoring
to ensure readiness, compliance, possible reprogramming and feedback
•1.1 Concepts of Environmental
Planning cont
•Managerial
auditing is an instrument for executive information and control i.e. specify
performance, ahead of time
Øresources
be preferentially allocated according to set priorities and that evaluation
procedures reveal the relevance of the policy and operations
•1.1 Concepts of Environmental
Planning cont…
1.1.2
Planning and Political Power
•Any planning including
environmental planning is rather legislative than administrative
•Environmental planning involves
legislative actions i.e. consideration
of legislation and policy
•1.1 Concepts of Environmental
Planning cont…
1.1.2
Environmental Planning
Environment
is about everything in the surrounding including human being
Environmental
Planning is
the process of facilitating decision making to carry out development with due
consideration given to the natural environmental, social, political, economic
and governance factors and provides a holistic frame work to achieve
sustainable outcomes.
•It
involves the process of formulating, evaluating and implementing environmental
policy
•Environmental
planning is interpreted as technocratic,
professional
and political views
•
•1.1 Concepts of Environmental
Planning cont…
•Technocratic
interpretations of environmental planning refer to an understanding
of the process which gives precedence to the scientific knowledge deemed
necessary to understand and thus manipulate natural biophysical and ecological
systems
•Professional
interpretations encapsulates a rather different
approach to environmental planning i.e. responses derived from diverse
environmental professionals
•Political
interpretation the
long-term objective of sustainability is linked to a policy process of
environmental planning i.e. formulating, organizing and delivering policy with
the objective of securing environmental sustainability the role of the
political system
•Importance
of environmental planning
•
Provide
tool and mechanism for better understanding ourselves
•
and the environment where we live
•
Management and control of risks and health hazards
•
Encourage better utilization of limited resources by:
• -Assessing
present and future needs and systematically
• evaluating the land's ability to
supply them
• -Identifying and resolving conflicts
between competing uses,
• between the needs of individuals and
those of the
• community and between the needs of
the present
• generation and those of future
generations
• -Seeking sustainable options and
choosing those options that
• best meet identified needs
•
•
•
•Importance of environmental
Planning cont..
• Improve the quality of life through
facilitating
• management of wastes in planned
settlements
• Prevent epidemics, through easy control of
• the spread of diseases in planned
settlements
• Encourage economic, political and social
growth
• supports and incorporate sound scientific
• technical and information access
• Minimizes adverse environmental impacts and
• maximizes economic benefits in a community
•1.2
Approaches to Environmental Planning
•Three
approaches: economics-oriented,
environmental systems oriented,
and planning-oriented approaches.
1.2.1
Economics-oriented approaches
•Focus
on market inefficiencies over natural
resources
•Maintain maximum individual freedom of choice via the
market in allocating scarce resources
•Scarcity-
individuals lack all what they want like housing, food, education, or good
environment i.e.
the problem of scarcity. Scarcity can be in form of lack of production inputs (e.g. fuel,
wood, and grains) or requirements for directly human satisfaction (e.g. clean
air, pleasant surroundings etc)
•Economics-oriented approaches can
be applied in planning due to consideration of Externality
and Economic Resource Efficiency
•
•1.2
Approaches to Environmental Planning cont…
Externality and Economic Efficiency
a.Externality
–Certain costs and benefits are
unaccounted for in the market and result in inefficient allocation of resources
–This is due intangible values that
cannot be placed in the economic valuation system
–However, their values should be
captured for planning purposes
–Shortfalls: difficulty of quantifying
environmental "intangibles," and assigning a monetary value to the
impact
b Resource Efficiency
–Decisions made based optimal
allocation of resources i.e. present and future generations
–Establishing
the costs and benefits of a series of competing uses (recreation, timber, watershed, scenic value,
mining) and attempting to optimize aggregate social welfare in allocating those
uses over time
–Multiple-use
plans the
appropriate measures in achieving this
–Shortfalls: it is difficult to
quantify environmental costs and benefits. Considerable time and expense are
needed to develop optimization models
•
•1.2
Approaches to Environmental Planning cont…
1.2.2
Environmental systems oriented approaches
•Bio-physical
system and its connections to human systems are the
basis for Environmental planning
•Advantage:
the systems can be measured, described, modeled, and predicted to provide
useful information
a.Limits
and Carrying Capacity
–maximum
number of 'users' that can be supported by a given resource or set of resources
i.e. population density that can be sustained on a long-term basis under a
given set of conditions.
–Implicit
in the concept of carrying capacity is the notion that the environment (world's
resources) is finite and that there are limits to growth.
–Shortfalls: data needed to determine
capacities and thresholds are not readily available. Finally the idea of
carrying capacity ignores social, political, and economic constraints.
•1.2
Approaches to Environmental Planning cont…
b.Landscape
Ecology
–landscape
viewed not just as an aesthetic asset or as part of the physical environment,
but as the total spatial and visual entity of human living space
–To
date landscapes have been seen as spatial, ecological systems whose patterns
are affected by a variety of ecological and other processes
–These
patterns and their changes may be quantifiable
–Structure
and pattern are described with concepts such as patches, corridors, matrix,
network, heterogeneity, and grain sizes.
–The
structure is modified by natural processes such as geomorphology, life forms,
soil development, natural disturbances, and human processes from harvesting to
construction or pollution.
•1.2
Approaches to Environmental Planning cont…
c.Ecological
determinism
–carrying
capacity as a central concept, ecological determinism utilizes many
environmental approaches including environmental systems modeling and
environmental impact analysis, etc.
–exploitation
resources on ecological sensitive areas is regulated by both environmental and
natural resources legislations
•
•1.2
Approaches to Environmental Planning
cont
c.Ecological
determinism
–The approach involves six steps:
(1)ecosystem
inventory;
(2)
description of natural processes;
(3)identification
of limiting factors;
(4)
attribution of value;
(5)determination
of prohibitions and permissiveness to change;
(6)
identification of indicators of stability or instability
•1.2
Approaches to Environmental Planning cont…
–Advantages:
the approach is simple and the products are very effective communication tools
to the public and decision-makers, accounts for environmental
"intangibles" which are ignored in economic approaches and provides
an effective means to integrate a wide variety of ecological and social
considerations.
–Criticisms:
§The
process for assigning value to landscape elements is subjective and not always
based on a verifiable criterion
§Non-spatial
data, such as the political, economic, and social value context of
environmental problems, are not accounted for in this approach.
§While
the approach explicitly recognizes that humans are part of nature, it ignores
the role of humans as agents of change
§Another
problem involves the insensitivity of the approach to changes over time
§The
analysis basically provides time-static output, even though the ecosystem
dynamically evolves over time.
•1.2
Approaches to Environmental Planning cont…
1.2.3
Planning-oriented approaches
•Incrementalism
•policy
decisions are better understood and arrived at through decentralized bargaining
processes
•Adv: sensitivity
to existing institutional performance capabilities and realize the limits of
decision makers
a.Risk assessment
–Risk
assessments are used by policy makers and regulatory agencies for balancing and
comparing risks associated with environmental hazards. The objective of risk
assessment is to provide:
•quantitative
basis for balancing and comparing risks associated with environmental problems
and
•a
systematic means of improving the estimation and understanding of those risks.
•1.2
Approaches to Environmental Planning cont…
b.Radical
planning
•Two streams:
1.Associated
with spontaneous activism, guided by an idealistic but pragmatic vision of
self-reliance and mutual aid stressing the importance of personal growth,
cooperative spirit, and freedom from manipulation by anonymous forces.
2.More
critical and holistic look at large-scale social processes: the effect of class
structure and economic relationships; the control exercised by culture and
media; the historical dynamics of social movements, confrontations, alliances,
and struggle.
•The
second stream –popular in ecological planning in many developing countries.
•The
radical approach is primarily concerned with social justice and equity
•1.2
Approaches to Environmental Planning cont…
c.Participatory
planning
•Equal
distribution of resources and opportunities calls for consensus on the control
and distribution processes.
•This
leads to the "user", or individual, and can take the form of
participatory planning
•
Since the 1960s, there has been an increasing demand for public participation
in environmental planning
•
Participatory planning refers to the involvement of any individual, group or
community
•The
basic idea of participatory planning is that the public should be included in
decisions to plan and manage complex environments.
•The
advantage of the participatory planning approach is that it minimizes
confrontation and facilitates the implementation of planning proposals.
•
•1.2
Approaches to Environmental Planning cont
•c.
Participatory planning
•Limitations:
•Planning
decisions made in the present may eliminate options and constrain societal
processes in the future;
•Moreover
participants tend to be biased towards or limited by the time frame in which
they exist.
•Another
limitation is that future participants are excluded from a planning process in
the present that will lead to an environment in which they will have to live
•
1.3 Participation in environmental planning
1.3 Participation in environmental planning
•Public
participation in environmental planning leads to fewer conflicts
•Three
facts in public participation:
•Shift
from point source pollution to widely distributed diffuse pollution e.g. waste and agricultural runoff, soil
erosion, and other resources degradation are not easy to resolve with
traditional approaches. Participatory approaches mediate a conflict of
interests, to find consensus, and to improve environmental quality
•Experts
and lay people bring both valid but different views and knowledge to the
planning process: environmental decision-making requires judgment by the
public.
•Public
participation resolves opposition and mistrust of governmental decision-making
•1.3
Participation in environmental planning
cont…
Types
of participation…..
1.
Manipulative Participation:
•Participation is simply pretence
2.
Passive Participation:
•People
participate by being told what has been decided or has already happened
•Information
belongs only to external professionals
•Participation
in environmental planning
•Types
of participation
•
3. Participation by Consultation……
•People
participate by being consulted or by answering questions.
•No
room for shared decision making between the stakeholders and the professionals.
•People’s needs and priorities are ignored
•Types
of participation….
4. Participation for Material Incentives
•People
participate in ‘work for food’ arrangements
•They
may also participate for cash, or other materials incentives
•The
activities and the participation end when the material incentive stops
•
•Types
of participations
5. Functional Participation…..
•Participation
is seen by the external agencies as a means to achieve project goals,
especially reduced costs.
•People
may participate by forming groups to meet predetermined project objectives.
•
•Participation
in environmental planning
Types of participation…
Types of participation…
•
6. Interactive Participation …..
•People
participate in joint analysis, which leads to action plans and the formation or
strengthening of local groups or
•Institutions
that determine how available resources are used.
•Learning
methods are used to seek multiple viewpoints.
•
•.
•Types of participation
7. Self Mobilization…….
•People
participate by taking initiatives independent of external institutions
•They
develop contacts with external institutions for resources and technical advice
but retain control over how resources are used
•1.4 Principles and Processes in
Environmental Planning
•The
principles are Logical and direct to interrelated activity goals
–Establishment of goals and
objectives.
–Collection and analysis of
information.
–Evaluation of alternative courses
of action.
–Recommendation of a course of
action.
•Though the stages are perceived as
linear and rigid, this is not always the case
•1.4 Principles and Processes in
Environmental Planning cont…
•The
processes of planning is easily understood by adopting rational approach
Steps
in preparation of Environmental Plan
1.Identification
of the problem and determination of need.
ü problem
begins with a need e.g. widen the road to accommodate traffic, enhance
environmental quality, preserve open space or enhance adaptation to
environmental hazards
•Through
careful problem formulation the attempt is made to:
a.Conceptualize
the problematic situation – forming an “image” of what is involved.
b.
Arrive at a representation of the problematic situation – trying to explain
what that “image” looks like
c.Form
a basis for generating solutions –looking for all the possible alternatives
that might address the problem.
d.Develop
means to evaluate alternatives- defining way to make a choice
•
•1.4
Principles and Processes in Environmental Planning cont…
2. Collection and analysis of data.
•Data collection is
a process of gathering information
which is needed to establish what the plan is intended to
achieve.
•Data analysis involve
Studying the existing environmental use situation through field work, talk to
the environmental user and find out their needs. Identify the problems and
analyze their cause
•
•Environmental
Planning cont…
–2.
Collection of Data and analysis
•To
be relevant, a comprehensive plan must address issues
and concerns of the present, and what will likely face the community in the future
•This
needs to gather and analyze a wide array of data
•Common
environmental data are natural features, such as soil types, topographic and
geologic formations, and surface and groundwater resources
•Environmental
Planning cont
–3. Development of goal and
objectives
•Once
collection and analysis of data is completed, the next step is to establish
specific plan goals and objectives.
•Goal
may arise from local problems, national policy and development priorities
• Goal-setting
involves three interrelated activities:
I.Identifying
present and future problems.
II.Determining
community aspirations.
III.Identifying
strategic issues and priorities.
•1.4
Principles and Processes in Environmental Planning cont…
•Five
common types of goals expressed in plans
a)Legacy goals: are
left over from previously adopted and currently followed policies.
b)Mandated goals: define
requirements found in state policy or from the judicial system’s interpretation
of statutory authority and constitutional rights
c)Generic goals: describe
ideals suggested by current thought and theory e.g. matters of public interest on
issues related to environmental quality, equity, quality of life, economic
efficiency, and health and safety
d)Community needs: explain
goals derived from forecasts of population, economic, and environmental changes
that require an appropriate response e.g. housing, water supply, facilities,
and waste disposal
e)Community aspirations:
characterize wants developed out of a participatory goal setting process
•1.4 Principles and Processes in
Environmental Planning cont…
4.Classification
and diagnosis of the problem and surrounding issues.
5.Identification
of alternative solutions
Importance of developing
alternative solutions to the problem
•First,
it suggests options that encourage debate and discussion regarding a given
solution, its relative effectiveness, feasibility, and compatibility.
•Secondly,
alternatives provide a basing point for raising questions about planning
strategies, and the disposition of the motivating goals and objectives.
•Lastly,
alternatives assist in the process of setting priorities in response to need.
•
●
•1.4 Principles and Processes in
Environmental Planning cont…
6.Analysis
of alternatives: environmental, economic
and social analysis
•Refers
to detail examination of the selected alternatives.
•Involve
assessing the environmental, economic and social impacts, for the environmental
users and for the community as a whole. List the consequences, favourable and
unfavorable, of alternative courses of action.
•Principles and Processes in
Environmental Planning cont..
– 7.Choose and recommend the best option
•Hold
public and executive discussions of the viable options and their consequences;
•Based
on these discussions and the above appraisal, decide the preferred option or approach
•The
final draft plan can then be prepared and
formally received and considered for adoption by the planning .
•
–.
•Principles and Processes in
Environmental Planning cont…
–
Steps in preparation of environmental plan
– 8.Development and implementation of
program
•Make
allocations or recommendations of the selected environmental uses for the
chosen areas of land; make plans for appropriate environmental management;
•Plan
how the selected improvements are to be brought about and how the plan is to be
put into practice;
–
•Draw
up policy guidelines, prepare a budget and draft any necessary legislation;
involve decision-makers, sectoral agencies and land users.
–
–
•Principles and Processes in
Environmental Planning
• Steps in preparation of environmental
plan
• 8.Development
and implementation of program
•Put
the plan into action;
•The
planning team should work in conjunction with the
• implementing agencies.
•
•Principles and Processes in
Environmental Planning
–Steps in environmental planning
–9.
Surveillance, monitoring and evaluation of the outcomes
• Monitor the progress of the plan
towards its goals; modify or revise the plan in the light of experience.
• Measure the impact of the plan on the
life of community
• Update the plan regularly where needed
•
•1.4 Principles and Processes in
Environmental Planning cont…
•Real-life planning decisions do not
always follow the rational approach. Why?
•Many
planning decisions are reactive in nature and have a much shorter time horizon
and scale than long-range planning
•There
is often a lack of resources that frustrates attempts to create carefully
articulated, systematic methodologies.
•The
structure of the rational approach may not fit with the nature of the planning
problem under consideration
•
TOPIC TWO: MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
TOPIC TWO: MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
Environmental Problems in Tanzania
Six
environmental problems:
1.Loss
of wildlife habitats and biodiversity
2.Deforestation;
removal of wood biomass where the soil remain bare and subjected to soil erosion
3.Land
degradation; is the deterioration of the
quality of the soil through loss of
fertility, soil pollution, erosion and mass wasting, Land degradation reduces
the productivity of the soil
4.
Deterioration of aquatic systems;
5. Lack
of accessible, good quality water; and
6.Environmental
pollution
•Managing
environmental resources
•2.1 Pollution and waste Management
• Pollution
is addition of undesirable materials
into the
•
environment as a result of human activities
•
The agents which cause environmental pollution are
•
called pollutants.
• Pollutants refers physical to chemical or biological
• substance
• These substance are Unintentionally released
into the
• environment
• The substances directly or indirectly
harmful to humans
• and other living organisms
•Pollution cont…
Four major types of environmental
pollution
(i)Air
pollution:
refers
to presence of any solid, liquid or gaseous substance including noise and
radioactive radiation in the atmosphere in such concentration that may be
directly and indirectly injurious to humans or other living organisms, plants,
property or interferes with the normal environmental processes
Sources
of air pollution
•industries,
•forest
fire,
•burning
fossil fuel,
•cooking
and lighting using coal, fuel wood, kerosene and coal
●
•
•Controlling
air pollution
•Removing
pollutants from fossil fuel before use
• The cost
of removing pollutants is very high
•Use
of energy efficient sources eg gas
•Development
of internationally agreed policies of reduction of pollutants, main producers
of pollutant are Europe, U.S.A ,Japan, German
•Construction
of high stack where the dust will be produced at a very high height
•Establishment
of polluter pay principle (ppp)
•Encouraging
industries to internalize environmental cost
•Pollution
•(ii)Land
pollution:
•Addition
of substances which adversely affect the quality of land or its fertility
• Sources Land pollution
•Plastic bags
•Industrial sources e.g fly
ashes, chemical residues and nuclear
waste
•Agricultural sources eg fertilizer
and pesticides
• Control of land pollution
•Avoid
indiscriminate disposal of solid waste,
•Stop
using of plastic bag and instead use degradable
• materials such as paper and cloth
•Treat
sewage before use as fertilizer
•Industrial
waste should be treated before disposal
•
•
•
•Pollution cont…
•(iii)Water
pollution
• Addition or presence of undesirable substances in water
• Water pollution is one of the most serious
environmental
• problems.
• Water pollution is caused by a variety of
human activities
• such as industrial, agricultural and
domestic.
• Sources
of water pollution
• Leachate water i.e. overflow from pit latrine
• Domestic waste water i.e. water after use for
domestic
• Industries i.e. oil which is source of
chemical
• Expansion of irrigated agriculture i.e. use
of fertilizer
• Using poisonous in fishing
•
•
•
•Water
pollution
•Ways
of controlling water pollution
•
Proper
environmental planning
•
Screening or close examination of industrial projects
•
Use of legal power i.e. ppp
•
Designing and construction of sewage systems
•
Regulate use of agro-chemicals
•Pollution cont…
• (iv)Noise
pollution
§Noise
is one of the most pervasive pollutant
§A
musical clock may be nice to listen during the day, but may be an irritant
during sleep at night.
§Noise is “sound without value” or “any noise that
is unwanted by the recipient”..
•
•
•
•Noise pollution cont…
•Noise
in industries such as
•Stone
cutting and crushing, steel forgings
loudspeakers, shouting by hawkers selling their wares,
•Movement
of heavy transport vehicles, railways and airports leads to irritation and an
increased blood pressure, loss of temper, decrease in work efficiency, loss of
hearing which may be first temporary but can become permanent in the noise
stress continues
•Sources
of noise pollution
•Sources
are many but classified as indoor
and outdoor
sources
•Indoor
sources are:
•
Radios,
•
Televisions,
•
Generators,
•
Electric fans,
•
Air coolers,
•
Air conditioners,
•
Different home appliances and
•
Family conflicts
•
•Sources
of noise pollution
•Outdoor
sources
•
Indiscriminate
use of loudspeakers
• Industrial activities
•
Automobiles
•
Rail traffic
•
Aeroplanes
•
Activities such as those at market place
•
Religious, social, and cultural functions, sports and political
•
rallies.
•
In rural areas farm machines, pump sets are main sources
•
of noise pollution.
•
During festivals, marriage and many other occasions, use of
•
fire crackers contribute to noise pollution.
•
•Effects
of noise pollution
•Noise disturbs sleep,
• Cause hypertension(high blood
pressure), emotional problems such as aggression, mental depression and
annoyance.
•Adversely affects efficiency and
performance
of individuals
•Prevention
and control of noise pollution
•Road
traffic noise can be reduced by better designing and proper maintenance of
vehicles.
•Noise
abatement measures include creating noise mounds, noise attenuation walls and
well maintained roads and smooth surfacing of roads.
•Retrofitting
of locomotives, continuously welded rail track, use of electric locomotives or
deployment of quieter rolling stock will reduce noises emanating from trains.
•Air
traffic noise can be reduced by appropriate insulation and introduction of
noise regulations for take off and landing of aircrafts at the airport.
•Prevention
and control of noise pollution cont..
•Industrial
noises can be reduced by sound proofing equipment like generators and areas
producing lot of noise.
•Power
tools, very loud music and land movers, public functions using loudspeakers,
etc should not be permitted at night. Use of horns, alarms, refrigeration
units, etc. is to be restricted. Use of fire crackers which are noisy and cause
air pollution should be restricted.
•A
green belt of trees is an efficient noise absorber.
•
•Waste management
• Solid waste management
•Solid waste management is
a supervised handling of waste materials from source through recovery processes
to disposal and, it involves control of generation, storage, collection,
transportation, processing and disposal of solid waste with the aim of
protecting environmental quality, human health and preservation of natural
resources
•Wastes
are substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed
of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law.
•.
•Waste management
•
Prevent
§ Prevention in producing wastes
• Reduce
§ To minimize the amount of waste generated
• Need to rethink our consumer habits and
practice
• source reduction.
• Reuse
•
Involves
secondary and subsequent uses of waste
• materials either in part or whole
•
•
•Waste management
•
Recycle
•Depends
on waste materials which cannot be reused directly but can be converted to new
product or raw material through the processes of transformation. For instance,
used paper is recycled into files, envelops and cards
•Recovery
• Recovery means to adopt a waste object to
a new use by extracting energy or utility from it. A popular option is
waste-to-energy facilities that burn wastes for fuel to produce heat or power
for domestic or industrial use.
•Dispose:
the action of disposing waste
•Waste management
• Pollution and urbanization
•Urbanization
contributes to pollution through burning fossil fuel in vehicles and industries
•
Controlling pollution in urban areas
•Using
cleaner fossil fuels such as natural gas and higher grade coal
•Reliance
on cleaner, renewable sources of energy (hydro, solar, geothermal, wind)
•
•2.1.3 Toxic chemicals
•Sources of toxic chemicals
• Agrochemicals
• Dumping of hazardous chemical
• Spray
• Industrial effluents
–4.1
Pollution and waste Management cont’d
2.1.4
General Challenges of pollution and waste management
•Low priority accorded to waste
management in terms of budget allocation by Local Government Authorities;
•Weak regulatory regime and
inadequate institutional capacity in waste management;
•Insufficient and lack of reliable
data on waste management for informed decision making;
•Inadequate skilled human resource
base;
•Limited private sector involvement
in the provision of waste management services;
•Environmental degradation and
pollution particularly water sources, air and contaminated sites;
•Vehicular emissions due to growing
number of aged ones;
•Low public awareness and
attitudinal barriers;
•Rapid rate of urbanization- rapid
urban population growth;
•Lack of appropriate waste
management facilities- storage, collection, transportation and disposal;
•Use of inappropriate, dilapidated
or obsolete industrial technology- leading to unnecessarily generation of more waste;
• Unregulated importation of
sub-standard/used/second-hand goods;
•Mushrooming of unplanned settlement
•Poor agricultural practices and
inappropriate use of agro-chemicals and
•Industries are located near water
bodies discharging raw and/ or partially treated effluent.
•
•
4.1 Pollution and waste Management cont’d
4.1 Pollution and waste Management cont’d
2.1.5
Pollution and Waste Management initiatives
• Cleaner production (ever since
1994):
–The
key principle of Cleaner Production is that pollutants and waste should be
prevented where they originate
• Introduction of Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) in Tanzania (ever since 1992):
–Search
to minimize and rationalize chemical pesticides as well as to use safer
alternatives to pesticides ( e.g biocontrol and cultural practices)
•
•2.1.5
Pollution and waste management Initiative
•
Low cost incinerators for health care waste disposal: by 2004
-It
aim at facilitating health care Planners in addressing
– the challenges of safe management of health
care
– waste
–-Takes
in account of hierarchy of waste mgt namely waste prevention, waste reduction
at source, reuse, recovery and recycling, treatment and disposal
•2.1.5
Pollution and Waste Management Initiatives
•Formulation
and implementation of the National Waste Management Strategy and Action Plan
–Elimination
of Persistent of Organic Pollutants (POPs) with associated improvement of
environmental quality and human health;
–To
facilitate public awareness, education and participation in respect of the POPs
issue and overall improvement in environmental and public health protection;
•
•2.1.5 Pollution and waste
management initiatives
•Demonstration
of project on Vetiver Grass Technology (VGT): the demonstration project was at
first introduced along Msimbazi River Basin in Dar Es Salaam
•The
National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (2006)
-To ensure active participation of the communities in planning,
implementation and operation and maintenance for sustainability of rural water
schemes
•
•
•2.1.5 Pollution and waste
management initiatives
•Implementation
of the National Environment Research Agenda (NERA):
–
Focuses on natural resource mgt, pollution control, monitoring and enforcement
of laws and
regulations
•
•Establishment
of air quality monitoring programme in Dar Es Salaam: parameters monitored
include: particulate matter (PM10), SO2,
NO2, O3 and
CO
•Annual
environmental health and sanitation competition;
–Focuses
on raising sanitation standards in the country and community awareness on the
importance of environmental cleanliness
•
4.2
Land and biodiversity management
2.2.1
Land degradation and management
2.2.1.1
Land Degradation
–is
the deterioration of the quality of the
soil through loss of fertility, soil pollution erosion and mass
wasting
–deforestation, soil erosion,
overgrazing, and degradation of water resources and loss of biodiversity
–Poor agricultural practices such as
shifting cultivation, lack of crop rotation practices, lack of agricultural
technology and land husbandry techniques exacerbate the problem
–4.2
Land and biodiversity management
2.2.1 Land degradation and management
2.2.1 Land degradation and management
–
Controlling land degradation
§
Adoption of soil conservation measures
ØContour
cultivation: cultivation across the slope without straight lines
ØUtilization
of trash line and bunds:
•Trash line(laying
stalks and other crop residues in lines along the contour to slowdown erosion).
eg
in the field that you grow maize at the end of harvest, put the plants residues
in a across the slope. The greater the
slope the closer the residues
•Soil contour bunds are
ridge and ditches made of soil dug
across the slope along the contour used to prevent run-off to conserve soil and
water
§
§
•Controlling land degradation
ØUse
of proper fertilizer and manure; manure from cattle are the best
ØDestocking;
keep in relation to the carrying capacity of the area
ØEncouragement
of agro-pastoral: keeping cattle at the same time cultivation in order to
complement each other
•Land,
land use management initiatives
• Policy and Legal Framework; aim at
reducing the problem of land degradation due to unsustainable
use
•
Programmes and projects: Land
management programme (LAMP) in Babati and Simanjiro and Singida rural districts, HADO, HASHI, HIMA.
• Land and tenure reforms:
decentralization and community
participation in planning
• Involvement of Civil Society:
These include- HAKI ARDHI, WOMEN
ADVANCEMENT TRUST, TAMWA and TAWLA.
• Demarcation of Village land
boundaries and development of village
land use plans
–4.2
Land and biodiversity management
cont’d
2.2.1.2
Agricultural and Range Land Resources
–shifting
cultivation which causes deforestation and land degradation on the pastoral
land.
–Management initiatives to agriculture include: Policy and legal framework
The
agriculture and Livestock Policy (1997) and the National Strategy for Growth
and Reduction of Poverty (2005) , livestock policy (2006)
-Management
initiatives due to livestock include
•Policies
and legal frameworks, the agriculture an livestock policy, NEP 1997, NLP 2006
•Programs
and projects: HADO- 1973, HASHI- 1986.
•Translocation
of livestock from water catchment e.g. Ihefu
•Rehabilitation
of
stock routes and restriction of livestock movement
•Eviction
of livestock from neighboring countries: this was done in Kagera region.
•Development
of livestock early warning system
•Use
of environmentally safe insecticides and pest control measures
•Strategic
and Environmental Assessment and Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
with and Reduction of Poverty (2005), SEA (2008)
•4.3
Land and biodiversity management cont’d
2.2.1.3
Mineral Resources
•Policies and legal frameworks:
Mineral Policy of Tanzania, 2009- reduce or eliminate adverse environmental
effects of mining by promoting health and safety conditions in mining areas and
addressing social issues affecting local communities
•2.3
Land and biodiversity management cont’d
2.2.2
Biodiversity management in Tanzania
National
policy regimes and strategy on management of biological resources
•National
Land Policy, 1995
•National
Environmental Policy, 1997 (18: The objectives of the policy related to
biodiversity conservation)
•Tourist
Hunting Regulations (Revision 2003):
•Beekeeping
Policy, 2008:
•National
Tourism Policy, 1999
•Establishment
of wildlife management area
•Wildlife
Management Areas Regulations (2002)
2.3
Coastal and Marine Resources Management
•Major threats to coastal and marine
resources are destruction of coral reefs, coastal erosion, degradation of
mangroves and pollution
Management in place in TZ include
Traditional mgt systems, Legislation and establishment of Marine Protected
Areas
•Traditional
management system- seasons, weather conditions, and
lunar/tidal effects.
•Policies
and Legislation- environment, fisheries, forestry,
land, marine transport, tourism, energy, minerals, and industries and trade
•2.4 Water Resources Management
2.4.1
Domestic Water Supply
2.4.1.1
Industrial development
2.4.1.2
Waste Water and Urban Sanitation
•Legal
framework- water
act 2009
•Policies
and strategies
•The National Water Sector Development
Strategy (NWSDS)
2006-2015 sets out a strategy for implementing the National Water
Policy NAWAPO of
2002
•MKUKUTA
Improvement of quality of life and social well being. Aims at increasing access
to clean, affordable and safe water, sanitation, decent shelter, and a safe and
sustainable environment
•
•
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