Clean development mechanism
(CDM). Is
the cooperative mechanism established under the Kyoto protocol, has the
potential to assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development
by promoting environmentally friendly investment from industrialized country
government and business .in order to participate in the clean development
mechanism, there are certain eligibility criteria that countries must meet. All
part must meets three basic requirements such as, voluntary participation in the
clean development mechanism, establish of the national clean development
mechanism authority and ratification of the Kyoto protocol.
Kyoto protocol,
The Kyoto protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11 December 1997 and entered
into force on 16 February 2005. 184 parties of the convection have ratified its
protocol to date. It is an international agreement linked to the United Nations
framework convention on climate. the Kyoto protocol is an historical agreement
in that it was the first international agreement in which many of the world
industrial national concluded a verifiable to reduce their emission of six green
house gases in order to present global warming, this gases are carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, hydro fluorocarbon, per fluorocarbons and sulphur
hexafluoride The major feature of the Kyoto protocol is
that it sets binding target of 37 industrialized countries and European
community for reducing emission. This amount to an average of percent against
1990 levels over the five year period 2008-2012.
Clean
development mechanism my entail the following issue,
Eligible
projects, project activities
such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, waste menegement, methane capture
and utilization, and low carbon transport activities mey be eligible umder
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Examples of eligible projects are renewable
energy projects such as biomass, biogas, solar, wind, hydro, and georthemal,
agriculture and forestry, waste energy recovery and methane recovery from waste
water and solid waste treatment, low carbon transport,rapid transit systems,
engine retrofits and the use of plan oil and fuel switch. For a project to be
eligible, it needs to mitigate one of the six Greenhouse gGases (GHGs). These
Greenhouse Gases are Carbon dioxide gas (Co2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide
(N2O),Hydroflurocarbons (HFCs), Perflurocarbons (PFCs) and Sulpher hexafluoride
(SF).
Key
eligibility requirements
·
Methodology,
the only methodology approved by clean development mechanism executive board (EB)
have to be followed to show its eligibility quantitative calculation of green house gases, and news
methodology can be approved by clean development mechanism board( Asian
development bank September 2011).
·
Prior
consideration of clean development mechanism, a project
developer is required to demonstrate that benefits were considered in
investment decision of the project. The project developer has to inform the
host party Designated National Authority (DNA) and the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in writing the intent of seeking CDM
status for the project. The prior consideration notification has to be
submitted within 6 months from the project start date.( Asian development bank
September 2011)
·
Use of public funding;Non diversion of Official Development Assistance (ODA)has
to be confirmed for projects that have received public funding from developed
countries. With information of of the sources of funding, Techinical Support
Facility (TSF) can assist the project developer in identifying whether or not
the project meets the requirements.
·
Contribution of sustainable development; A project to be eligible must also contribute to the
sustainable development of the host country. It is imperative to identify
whether or not the project leads to positive impacts on environmental, socio
economic, and technological developmemt of the country where the project is
being implemented. This must be approval bz the host country (DNAs) subject to
their own priority as provided. The DNA approval can be sought during the
validation stage of the Clean Development Mechanism project cycle and simultaneously
during ADBs board appraval or loan signing stages.
·
Demostrating additionality; A principal issue for project eligibility is to
investigate whether the project leads to Greenhouse gases reduction in addition
to the businessess as usual scenario. This is termed additionality. The Clean
Development Mechanism Excutive Board (CDM EB) prrovide guidance on how
additionality can be demostrated. However, during initial screening, the
project developer can simply assess anz specific barriers that may prohibit
project implementation in the absence of the CDM. Some barriers can be
financial, technological, or due to prevailing practises in the region. Once
the initial project screening has been conducted, the project developer may
seek assistance from Techinical Support Facility (TSF) for detailed
additionality
Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM)project cycle; by defination refers to the different stages on project
activity shall undergo before it may be issued with Certified Emission
Reductions (CERs), (UNFCCC,2013).
Clean development mechanism have the following stages,
·
Project Design Document (PDD) development;After this preliminary screening the project developer
has to follow the the unique project cycle. One of the initial stage in the CDM
project is to produce the project design document (PDD) that comtain basic
project description. ThePDD also describes how emissions reduction are
calculated and monitored, baseline is identified, and additionary to demostrate
its qualification as CDM.
·
Validation and registration; to obtain Clean Development Mechanism Excutive Board
(CDM EB) Registration, project must be validated by a United Nations approved
auditor. Once satisfied that the project meets all the requirements of the CDM,
the Designated Operational Entity (DOE) submits the PPD to the CDM EB for
regisration. Validation and registration can simultaneously occur durring the board
approval.
·
Monitoring and generation of Certified Emission
Reductioms (CERs); After
registration with the CDM EB and during project implimentation, the monitoring
plan mentioned in the PDD will be put into action and the emission reductions
verified bz the Designated Operational Entity (DOE). Finally, Certisfied
Emission Reductions (CERs) issued which the project developer can transfer to
the buyer(s) in exchange for payment under pre agreed terms. Project developer
may approach Techinical Support Facility (TSF) for further assistance after the
initial screening. TSF will conduct a detailed eligibility assessment of the
projects as per the modalities and procedures of the CDM EB.
Establishment of police and
programs concerning to the environment, this is one of the
important issue that must be consider in clean development because in order for
any country to participate in clean development must have various policies
which can guide and role on the implementation of clean development mechanism,
example for establish some environmental laws.( UNEP)
The
following below are the clean development mechanism project that are establish
in Tanzania,
Mtoni dumpsite clean development
mechanism project, Mtoni dumpsite project in Dar-salaam,
Tanzania was registered in June 2007 as the first project in Tanzania. According
to the project design document, the mtoni project is supposed to reduce 200.000
tons of carbon dioxide emission, annually through the combustion of methane
contained biogas extracted from the dumpsite, since June 2007 the project has
been issued 3s5.122 carbon credits. The dumpsite was moved over 40 km away from
the location in order to serve as the clean development project.
Landfill gas recovery and
electricity generation project at mtoni dumpsite, the mtoni
clean development mechanism are biogas project that are implement at mtoni
treat for the purpose of produce electricity through bio gas that can be used
are the alternative source of energy that can serve and reduce the
environmental destruction and increase the power production at Dar-es-salaam
municipal council. But the project failed to reach their objective of increase
the power production at the Dar-es-salaam city. ( finningan wa Simbeye, Tanzania daily news)
Reforestation
in grassland areas of Uchindile, Kilombero, Tanzania and Mapanda, Mufindi
Tanzania project.
This project include two separate areas namely Uchindile
Forest Project (UFP) and Mapanda Forest Project (MFP) located in southern part
of Tanzania in the district of Kilombero in Morogoro and Mufindi, Iringa
region, this project was itroduce in 2009. Objectives of the project are to
sequester carbon dioxide gas through forest planting in grassland areas,
generating high quality emission reduction in Greenhouse gases that can be
measured, monitored and verified. Also to promote environmental concervations
such as soil conservation, protection of water resources, and enrichment of
biodiversity through the protection of existing flora and fauna. To esbablish
and manage forest plantation to contribute to demand of high quality wood
products from a sustainable managed forest. To facilitate socio economic
development to the local communities through employment opportunities as well
as infrastructure developments of roads and buildings. Trees species planted in
these ares are like pinus patula, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus globulus and
Eucalyptus camadulensis.
Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) Carbon Sink Tree Plantations project,
This study dissects a tree plantation carborn sink
project at Idete in the southern highlands of Tanzania in february. The
Norwegian companythat own the project Green resources limited aim to register
the project under the CDM so as to be able to generate carbon credits to sell
to Norwegian government. The study describes and discuss the impacts of the
oroject on local community and the natural environments. The study area is in
Mufindi district of Iringa province in the southern highlands. The main focus
of this reseach is an areas to the north of the village of Idete where more
than 6,000 hectares of biordiverse grassland is in the process of being
conveted to industrial plantations of pines and Eucalypras trees. The study
also looks at the impact of existing tree plantation including Sao hill and
Uchindile.
Climate,
Community and Biodiversity stands Project Design Document form for
Afforestation and Reforestation Project activities (CCB AR PDD).
This project is about reforestation in grasland areas of
Idete, Mufindi district, Iringa region Tanzania. Green Resources Limited is the
leading plantation, carbon offset and renewable energy company in East Africa.
The Idete Forest Project (IFP) is developed by Green Resources Limited. This
project also applying for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) validation and
verification under Afforestation reforestation (AR) category. The location of
the specic areas is southern part of Tanzania.
A
forestry Clean Development Mechanisn (CDM) and Voluntary Carborn Standard
(VCS)project.
Green resources is developing the project in Mapanda and
Uchindile, as well as a CDM project in Idete Tanzania. The VCS project is the
first reforestation in the world to be validated and registered accordin to VCS
standard. This study describes the project and some of their advantages,
opportunities and pitfalls around reforestation projects. Green resources has
planted more than 7500 hectares of new forests in Tanyanian’s southern
highlands, sequesting of 500,000 tons of CO2 to date. Due to this project of
mapanda, Idete, Uchindile we forecast that this is significant contribution to
fight against climate change.
There fore, clean development mechanism have strength in the environmental
consersvation but there are various
challenge that can face it such as, lack of capital, poor organization of
project, lack of participation of community that lead to the failed of
adapation of clean development mechanism.
REFFERENCE
Hasting college of the law.(2009): west- northwest Hastings intrnational and comparative law review combined issue. Uc hasting
college of the law.
Seeberg-Elverfeldt, C.(2010): Carbon finance possibilities for agriculture, forestry and others land
use project in a smallholders contex.FAO university of minnesota.
United republic of Tanzania- URT(2010) national strategy
for reduced emission from difforesttion and forest degradation(REDD+) .Draft
vice presiden
Finnigan wa simbeye, (2007) mtoni Dumpsite CDM project putting livehoods of farmers and
wastpickers at risk, Tanazania dairy news.
Asian development bank, september (2011) clean development mechanism.
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